Plantar Fasciitis

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Plantar fasciitis, which may cause the heel to hurt, feel hot or swell, is inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thin layer of tough tissue supporting the arch of the foot. Repeated microscopic tears of the plantar fascia cause pain. Sometimes plantar fasciitis is called "heel spurs", but this is not always accurate, since bony growths on the heel may or may not be a factor.

Diagnostic testing, such as X-rays, usually is not necessary to diagnose plantar fasciitis, although it may be useful to rule out other potential causes of heel pain. Typically with plantar fasciitis, the pain is worse when first getting out of bed, or is noticeable at the beginning of an activity and gets better as the body warms up. Prolonged standing may cause pain, as well. In more severe cases, the pain may worsen toward the end of the day.

There are a number of possible causes for plantar fasciitis and they often work in combination. Tightness of the foot and calf, improper athletic training, stress on the arch or weakness of the foot are potential causes. Shoes that don’t fit, certain play or work actions or overuse (running too fast, too far, too soon) may hurt the plantar fascia. People with low arches, flat feet or high arches are at increased risk of developing plantar fasciitis.

Symptoms usually resolve more quickly when the time between the onset of symptoms and the beginning of treatment is as short as possible. If treatment is delayed, the complete resolution of symptoms may take 6-18 months or more. Treatment will typically begin by correcting training errors, which usually requires some degree of rest, the use of ice after activities, and an evaluation of the patient’s shoes and activities. For pain, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen, etc.) may be recommended.

Next, risk factors related to how the patient’s foot is formed and how it moves are corrected with a stretching and strengthening program. If there is still no improvement, night splints (which immobilize the ankle during sleep) and orthotics (customized shoe inserts) are considered. Cortisone injections are usually one of the treatments of last resort, but have a success rate of 70% or better. The final option, surgery has a 70-90% success rate.

In one study, 25% of plantar fasciitis patients cited rest as the treatment that worked the best. Wearing shoes with more arch support may help decrease stress on the area. Changing shoe size may also help. Athletes and active people may have to reduce the amount running or jumping they do to relieve stress on the plantar fascia.

Using an ice pack or ice bath on the area for about 15 minutes may relieve pain and inflammation after exercise and work. Massaging the foot in the area of the arch and heel before getting out of bed may help. Stretching is also important.

As reported in one study, 83% of patients in a stretching program were successfully treated for plantar fasciitis; 29% of study participants cited stretching as the most helpful treatment, compared with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, orthotics, ice, heat, steroid injection, heel cups, walking, night splints, plantar strapping and shoe changes.

Wearing shoes that are too small may cause plantar fasciitis. Shoes with thicker, well-cushioned midsoles may help alleviate the problem. Running shoes should be frequently replaced as they lose their shock absorption capabilities.

Consider a New Balance style with a higher arch.